Bleeding

Before modern surgical developments, there was a very real
threat that a patient would bleed to death before treatment, or
during the operation. cauterization (fusing a wound closed with extreme heat)
was successful but limited - it was destructive, painful and in the long term had
very poor outcomes. Ligatures, or material used to tie off severed blood vessels,
are believed to have originated with Ambroise Pare (sometimes spelled "Ambrose"[5])
during the 16th century, but were highly dangerous until infection risk was brought
under control - at the time of its discovery, the concept of infection did not exist.
Finally, early 20th century research into blood groups allowed the first effective blood
transfusions.

Techniques used in plastic surgery

Among the techniques which are commonly used in plastic surgery are:

• Incision.
• Excision.
• Chemosurgery.
• Electrosurgery.
• Laser surgery.
• Dermabrasion.
• Liposuction.

plastic surgery

Plastic surgery is a specialty that uses surgical techniques to change the appearance and function of a person's body. Some of these operations are called "cosmetic", and others are called "reconstructive".

The word "plastic" derives from the Greek plastikos meaning to mold or to shape; its use here is not connected with the synthetic polymer material known as plastic.

SURGERY

Surgery (from the Greek χειρουργική meaning "hand work") is the medical specialty that treats diseases or injuries by operative manual and instrumental treatment. Surgeons may be physicians, dentists, or veterinarians who specialize in surgery.

A surgery can also refer to the place where surgery is performed, or simply the office of a physician, dentists, or veterinarians

Ancient India

Indian physician Sushruta (c. 600 BC) taught and practiced surgery on the banks of the Ganges in the area that corresponds to the present day city of Benares in Northern India. Much of what is known about Sushruta is contained in a series of volumes he authored, which are collectively known as the Susrutha Samhita. It is the oldest known surgical text and it describes in exquisite detail the examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of numerous ailments, as well as procedures on performing various forms of plastic surgery, such as cosmetic surgery and rhinoplasty.

In the Sushruta school, the first person to expound Āyurvedic knowledge was Dhanvantari who then taught it to Divodasa who, in turn, taught it to Sushruta, Aupadhenava, Aurabhra, Paushakalāvata, Gopurarakshita, and Bhoja.

Ancient Egypt

Researchers have uncovered an Ancient Egyptian mandible, dated to approximately 2650 BC, with two perforations just below the root of the first molar, indicating the draining of an abscessed tooth. Recent excavations of the construction workers of the Egyptian pyramids also led to the discovery of evidence of brain surgery on a labourer, who continued living for two years afterwards.

Ancient Greece

While surgeons are now considered to be specialised physicians, the profession of surgeon and that of physician have different historical roots. For example, Greek tradition was against opening the body, and the Hippocratic Oath warns physicians against the practice of surgery. Specifically, cutting persons laboring under the stone (i.e.lithotomy, an operation to relieve kidney stones) was to be left to such persons as practice [it]. Of course, most knowledge of surgery comes from dissecting bodies, a science which was repulsive to many healers.

Ancient China

Hua Tuo was a famous Chinese physician during the Eastern Han and Three Kingdoms era. He was the first person to perform surgery with the aid of anesthesia, some 1600 years before the practice was adopted by Europeans.

Medieval Europe

Abucasis was an Andulusian - Arab physician and scientist who praticised in the Zahra suburb of Cordova. He is considered a great medieval surgeon, whose comprehensive medical texts, combining Middle Eastern and Greco-Roman classical teachings, shaped European surgical procedures up until the Renaissance. He is often regarded as the Father Of Surgery. Patients and students from all parts of Europe came to him for treatment and advice. According to Will Durant, Cordova was in this period the favourite resort of Europeans for surgical operations.

Surgery in Holland (ca. 1690)

By the thirteenth century, many European towns were demanding that physicians have several years of study or training before they could practice. Montpellier,Padua and Bologna Universities were particularly interested in the academic side to Surgery, and by the fifteenth century at the latest, Surgery was a separate university subject to Physics. Surgery had a lower status than pure medicine, beginning as a craft tradition until Rogerius Salernitanus composed his Chirurgia, which laid the foundation for the species of the occidental surgical manuals, influencing them up to modern times.

Europe

Ambroise Pare pioneered the treatment of wounds by gunshots. Among the first modern surgeons were battlefield doctors in the Napoleonic Wars who were primarily concerned with amputation. Naval surgeons were often barber surgeons, who combined surgery with their main jobs as barbers.

In London, an operating theatre or operating room from the day before modern anasthesia or antiseptic surgery still exists, and is open to the public. It is found in the roof space of St Thomas Church, Southwark, London and is called the Old Operating Theatre.